Menu

Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology

History 19th century

19th century

1887 Yellow River flood

Flood of the Yellow River in China

1889 Apia cyclone

Category 1 South Pacific cyclone in 1889

Abolition of the han system

Meiji era reform

Movement to end slavery

Adams–Onís Treaty

Treaty ceding Spanish Florida to the U.S. (1819)

Alaska Purchase

1867 sale of Alaska to the USA by Russia

American Civil War

1861–1865 conflict in the United States

American frontier

Undeveloped territory of the United States, c. 1607–1912

American Indian Wars

Frontier conflicts in North America, 1609–1890s

American System (economic plan)

Amur Annexation

Annexation of the southeast corner of Siberia

Anglo-Ashanti wars

Series of five conflicts between the British Empire and the Ashanti Empire between 1824 and 1900

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824

Treaty between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands

Anglo-Egyptian War

1882 armed conflict in Egypt

Anglo-Zanzibar War

Military conflict in 1896, lasting 38 minutes

British colonial war in 1879

Antebellum South

Historical period in the American South

Argentine War of Independence

Conflict for Argentine independence from the Spanish Empire (1810-1818)

Armenian question

Political debate of 1878 Berlin Congress

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

1865 shooting of the 16th U.S. President in Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.

Assassination of James A. Garfield

1881 murder of the 20th President of the United States

Assassination of Spencer Perceval

1812 murder of the British prime minister

Australian frontier wars

1788–1934 conflicts between European settlers and Indigenous Australians

Austria-Hungary

1867–1918 empire in Central Europe

Austrian Empire

Empire in Europe from 1804 to 1867

Austro-Prussian War

1866 war in Europe

Political struggle in the 19th-century United States

Battle of Antietam

Major battle (1862) of the American Civil War

Battle of Atlanta

Battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Austerlitz

1805 battle of the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Borodino

1812 battle during the French invasion of Russia

Battle of Chancellorsville

Major battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Chickamauga

American Civil War battle

Battle of Cold Harbor

Major battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Fort Donelson

Battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Fort Pillow

Battle and massacre of the American Civil War

Battle of Fort Sumter

1861 American Civil War battle

Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip

Naval battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Fredericksburg

Major battle (1862) of the American Civil War

Battle of Gettysburg

Battle of the American Civil War (1863)

Battle of Gravelotte

A battle that took place during the Franco-Prussian War

Battle of Hampton Roads

1862 naval battle in the American Civil War, the first between ironclads

Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

Pair of major battles during the War of the Fourth Coalition

Battle of Königgrätz

Decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War

Battle of Leipzig

1813 battle in the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Mars-la-Tour

1870 battle of the Franco-Prussian War

Battle of Mobile Bay

Naval battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Navarino

1827 naval battle during the Greek War of Independence

Battle of Perryville

Major battle of the American Civil War

Battle of Rorke's Drift

Battle in the Anglo-Zulu War, specifically the defence of the mission station of Rorke's Drift

Battle of Saragarhi

1897 last stand battle in the British Raj

Battle of Sedan

1870 battle during the Franco-Prussian War

Battle of Shiloh

Battle (1862) of the American Civil War

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House

Major battle of the American Civil War

Battle of the Alamo

Major battle of the Texas Revolution

Battle of the Little Bighorn

1876 battle of the Great Sioux War

Battle of Trafalgar

Major sea battle of the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Wagram

1809 battle during the War of the Fifth Coalition

Battle of Waterloo

1815 battle of the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Wilson's Creek

Battle of the American Civil War

Belgian Revolution

1830 revolution in Belgium against Dutch rule

Benin Expedition of 1897

1897 punitive expedition by British forces against the Kingdom of Benin

Period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania

Bleeding Kansas

Violent political confrontations in the United States centered around slavery

Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada

Military campaign in Venezuelan War of Independence (1819–1820)

Bolivian War of Independence

Conflict for Bolivian independence from the Spanish Empire (1809-25)

Boxer Rebellion

1899–1901 anti-foreign uprising in China

Colonial rule in India (1858–1947)

British rule in Burma

British colonial rule from 1824 to 1948

Burke and Wills expedition

Australian exploration expedition in 1860–61 led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills

Australian outlaws active during the 19th century

California genocide

Widespread killing and forced labor of Indians (1846–1871)

California gold rush

Gold rush from 1848 until 1855 in California

Canadian Confederation

1867 unification of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada

Caste War of Yucatán

1847–1915 war between the Yucateco and the Maya

1817–1864 invasion of the Caucasus by the Russian Empire

Chattanooga campaign

1863 series of battles of the American Civil War

Chilean War of Independence

1812–1827 war between patriots and royalists, which resulted in the ''de facto'' independence of Chile from the Spanish Crown

Circassian genocide

Mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Circassians by the Russian Empire (1840s-60s)

1825-1828 war between Brazil and the United Provinces of the River Plate

Civil rights movement (1865–1896)

Movement aiming to eliminating racial discrimination against African Americans

Colony of Natal

British colony in South Africa (1843–1910)

Colony of New Zealand

British crown colony (1841–1907)

Compromise of 1877

Speculated unwritten political deal in the United States

Confederate States of America

Unrecognized state in North America (1861–1865)

Confederation of the Rhine

Confederation of client states of the First French Empire

Congo Free State

Area in Central Africa under Belgian control (1885–1908)

Congress of Berlin

1878 meeting of representatives of the major European powers

Congress of Vienna

Early 19th century European peace conference

Continental System

Embargo of Napoleonic Europe against Britain

1850s conflict between the Russian and Ottoman empires and their allies

Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era

Post-civil war voter suppression efforts in the United States

Donghak Peasant Revolution

A major peasant revolt in Korea, 1894-1895

Sociopolitical controversy in the French Third Republic

Afghanistan–Pakistan border

Dutch East Indies

Dutch colony between 1800–1949, present-day Indonesia

Eastern question

Decline of Ottoman Empire and its effect on the balance of power

Ecuadorian War of Independence

Armed conflict in Ecuador between 1820 and 1822

Empire of Brazil

State in South America (1822–1889)

Eureka Rebellion

1854 rebellion by gold miners in Victoria

European land exploration of Australia

Aspect of history

Fashoda Incident

1898 territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa

Federal Republic of Central America

State in Central America from 1823 to 1841

1808–1809 war between Russia and Sweden

First Battle of Bull Run

First major land battle of the American Civil War

Military conflict in present-day South Africa (1880-1881)

First Carlist War

Civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840

First Franco-Dahomean War

1890 war between France and Dahomey

First French Empire

French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1804 to 1815

First Italo-Ethiopian War

1895–1896 war between the Ethiopia and Italy

First Matabele War

First Opium War

1839–1842 war between Britain and China

First Sino-Japanese War

1894–1895 war between China and Japan

Franco-Hova Wars

1883–1896 pair of French colonial invasions of Madagascar

Franco-Prussian War

1870-1871 military conflict between France and Prussia

Franco-Tahitian War

1844–1847 military conflict in modern-day French Polynesia

French conquest of Algeria

Conquest of Algeria by France, 1830–1903

French conquest of Tunisia

Conquest of Tunisia by the French

French Indochina

Former federal state in Southeast Asia

French invasion of Russia

1812 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars

French Revolution of 1848

End of the reign of King Louis Philippe and start of the Second Republic

German colonial empire

German colonies from 1884 to 1920

German Confederation

Association of German states from 1815 to 1866

Central European state, 1871–1918

German revolutions of 1848–1849

German part of the Revolutions of 1848

Gettysburg Address

1863 speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln

Era of US history from the 1870s to the late 1890s

Republic in South and Central America from 1819 to 1831

Grand Duchy of Finland

Predecessor state of modern Finland (1809-1917)

Great Famine (Ireland)

Famine in Ireland from 1845 to 1852

19th-century Anglo-Russian confrontation

Great Sioux War of 1876

Battles and negotiations between the US and the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne

1836–1852 Boer migrations away from the British Cape Colony

Greek War of Independence

Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire (1821–1829)

Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

American Old shootout

Hawaiian Kingdom

19th-century monarchy

Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)

Rebellions and revolutions against governments of Hawaii

Hawaiian Renaissance

Hawaiian resurgence of their distinct cultural identity

Haymarket affair

1886 aftermath of a bombing in Chicago, US

Highland Clearances

The eviction of tenants from the Scottish Highlands in the 18th and 19th centuries

Military alliance

House of Teururai

Royal family of Huahine and Maia'o, 1852–1895

War of the 7th Coalition, 20 March to 8 July 1815

Hungarian Revolution of 1848

European Revolution of 1848

Independence of Brazil

Independence movement

Indian independence movement

Movement to end British rule in India

Indian Rebellion of 1857

1857–58 uprising against British Company rule

Industrial Revolution

1760–1840 period of transition from agrarian to industrial society through mechanized manufacturing

Invasion of the Waikato

1863–64 campaign of the New Zealand Wars

Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889

1887-89 conflict with Ethiopia during the Italian colonization of East Africa

Jihad of Usman dan Fodio

Revolution in West Africa 1804

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

1859 effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in Southern states

July Revolution

July 1830 revolution in France

Kansas–Nebraska Act

The 1854 organic act

1884 coup d'état attempt in Joseon Korea

Kingdom of Bora Bora

18th c. Polynesian kingdom

Kingdom of Fiji

First Fijian state kingdom

Kingdom of Greece

Kingdom in Southern Europe during the 19th and 20th century

Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

Kingdom in southern Europe between 1805 and 1814

Kingdom of Rarotonga

Kingdom in the present-day Cook Islands

Kingdom of Tahiti

Klondike Gold Rush

1890s migration

Konbaung dynasty

Dynasty ruling Myanmar from 1752 to 1885

Lewis and Clark Expedition

American overland expedition to the Pacific coast

Long Depression

Worldwide economic recession from 1873 to 1879

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition by the United States of America of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana

1881–1899 Sudanese revolt against Anglo-Egyptian rule

Manifest destiny

Cultural belief of 19th century American expansionists

Meiji Restoration

1868 return to imperial rule in Japan

Mexican Revolution

Major nationwide armed struggle in Mexico between 1910 and 1920

Mexican War of Independence

Armed conflict which ended Spanish rule of New Spain

Mexican–American War

Armed conflict between the US and Mexico (1846–1848)

Missouri Compromise

1820 law on slavery in the United States

Monroe Doctrine

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823

Moriori genocide

Invasion and killing of the Moriori people from 1835.

Armed conflicts between Māori tribes in New Zealand between 1807 and 1842

Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces

1900 agreement in China

Napoleonic Wars

Early 19th century European wars involving the French Empire, ruled by Napoleon I

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 rebellion of enslaved individuals in Southampton County, Virginia

New Imperialism

Colonial expansion in late 19th and early 20th centuries

New Zealand Company

Company formed for the purpose of colonising New Zealand

New Zealand Wars

1845–1872 armed conflicts in New Zealand

Nguyễn dynasty

Last dynasty of Vietnam (1802–1945)

Omani maritime empire (1696–1856)

Orange Free State

1854–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa

Oregon boundary dispute

Early 19th century US–UK boundary dispute

Historic route to and through the American Old West

Origins of the American Civil War

Overview of the origins of the American Civil War

Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

1893 government overthrow

Financial crisis in the United States

Financial crisis leading to economic depression in Europe and North America

19th century financial crisis in the United States

Large-scale conflict in South America (1864–1870)

Revolutionary city council of Paris of 1871

19th-century military conflict fought by Spain and Portugal

Perry Expedition

Diplomatic and military expedition

Peruvian War of Independence

Armed conflict in Peru and Bolivia between 1811 and 1826

Type of vassal state in British India

Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)

November 1889 historical event in Brazil

Rebellions of 1837–1838

Canadian reformers' rebellion against the British Canadian government

Reconstruction era

Era of military occupation (1865–1877) in the Southern United States after the American Civil War

Republic of Texas

Historical republic, 1836–1846

Revolutions of 1848

Series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848

Rise of nationalism in Europe

Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

Russian conquest of Central Asia

1839 military Conquest; Russian colonisation of Central Asia

Historical empire that extended across Eurasia and North America (1721-1917)

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

Eleventh and penultimate conflict of the Russo-Turkish wars

Samoan Civil War

1886–1894 conflict in the Samoan Islands of the South Pacific

Standoff between the United States and the German Empire from 1887 to 1889 over the Samoan Islands

Short-lived (1878–1898) empire of West Africa

Scramble for Africa

1870s–1914 colonisation of Africa by Europeans

Second Bank of the United States

National bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1816-41)

Second Battle of Bull Run

Major battle of the American Civil War

Second Franco-Dahomean War

1892–1894 conflict between France and Dahomey

Second Great Awakening

Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States

Second Matabele War

War fought between 1896 and 1897 in the area then known as Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.

Second Mexican Empire

Imperial Mexican state ruled by King Maximilian I for the duration of it's short existence

Second Opium War

1856–1860 war between British Empire, French Empire, and China

Second Samoan Civil War

War resulting in American and German Samoa

Siege of Metz (1870)

Battle of the Franco-Prussian War

Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

Siege during the Franco-Prussian War

Siege of Petersburg

Battles of the American Civil War

Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)

Part of the Crimean War

Siege of Vicksburg

Battle of the American Civil War's Anaconda Plan

Conflicts between the USA and subgroups of the Sioux people from 1854–1890

Sokoto Caliphate

Independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa from 1804 to 1903

South African Republic

Former republic in southern Africa (1852-1902)

Spanish American wars of independence

Series of armed conflicts in the Americas between 1808 and 1835

Spanish–American War

1898 conflict between Spain and the United States

Sultanate of Hobyo

1878–1927 Somali kingdom

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion in Qing dynasty China

Texas annexation

Annexation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America

Texas Revolution

Rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos against the Mexican government (1835-36)

Tongzhi Restoration

Attempted reform in China, 1860–1874

Forced relocation of the southeastern Native American tribes

Treaty of Waitangi

1840 agreement between the British Crown and Māori leaders in New Zealand

Sunni Islamic empire in West Africa from 1861 to 1890

1805 campaign during the War of the Third Coalition

Underground Railroad

Network for fugitive slaves in 19th-century U.S.

Unification of Germany

1866–1871 unification of most German states into the German Empire

Unification of Italy

1848–1870 consolidation of Italian states into a single state

Union between Sweden and Norway

Union of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905

USS Maine (1890)

19th-century battleship of the United States Navy

Venezuelan War of Independence

Conflict between the Spanish Empire and its Venezuelan colonies (1810-23)

Conflict between United States and British Empire

War of the Confederation

1836–39 war between Chile and Argentina and Peru-Bolivia

War of the Fifth Coalition

1809 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars

War of the Fourth Coalition

Part of the Napoleonic Wars

War of the Pacific

Territorial conflict in South America between Chile and allied Peru and Bolivia (1879–83)

War of the Sixth Coalition

1813-14 conflict in Western Europe; part of the Napoleonic Wars

War of the Third Coalition

European military conflict from 1803 to 1806

Wounded Knee Massacre

Violent attack on Lakota Indians in 1890 by the United States Army

(1779-1879) Wars between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Dutch settlers

Former 19th century monarchy in modern day South Africa (1816-1897)